إدريس عبدالله
_30 _March _2015هـ الموافق 30-03-2015م, 10:50 PM
Tayammum, in Islamic Law, can be defined as the use of pure earth to wipe over the hands and face with the intention of either removing oneself from a state of ritual impurity or of making prayer permissible. Below are some legal provisions on Tayammum:
When it is permissible to observe tayammum:
If there is no water available to perform wudu' or ghusl or if, though there is water available, it is not possible to use it, one can do tayammum with any sort of clean earthen thing, such as clean soil, sand, lime, and stone. According to the Hanafi Madhhab, tayammum can be done before the time for a fard salat arrives. However, according to the other three madhhabs, it is not permissible to do it before the time for a fard salat has come.
The chief conditions under which tayammum become permissible are as follows:
1. When one is unable to find clean water to perform wudu' or ghusl (it is always fard [obligatory] to search for water when one is in a city)
2. When one is afflicted with a disease that prevents one from using water or when there is the danger that one would die or fall sick because of cold if one used water,
3. When near water is an enemy, a wild or poisonous animal that will set upon,
4. When one cannot use water because one is imprisoned,
5. When one is threatened with death.
6. When a traveler does not have extra water other than that which he will drink,
7. When, though there is a well, it is not possible to extract water from it.
Things that should be born in mind in the performance of tayammum:
1. If a person who is not in a state of wudu' performs tayammum in order to teach it to his student, he cannot perform salat with it.
2. Making intention solely for tayammum does not make the tayammum adequate for performing salat with it. When doing tayammum, it is also necessary to intend to perform salat with it.
3. Several people can do tayammum on the same soil because soil and the like do not become musta'mal (used) when they are used for tayammum. The dust that falls from the hands and face after tayammum is considered musta’mal.
4. According to the madhhabs of Shafi'i and Hanbali, tayammum is done only with soil. According to the other two madhhabs, tayammum can be performed with any sort of clean earthen thing even if there is no dust on it. Things that can be melted by heat are not earthen. Therefore, tayammum cannot be done on a tree, grass, wood, iron, brass, a wall painted with oil-based paint, copper, gold, or glass. It can be made with sand. It cannot be made with pearls or corals. It can be made with marble washed with lime and plaster of Paris; cement; unglazed faience, unglazed porcelain, or unglazed earthenware pots; and mud. If there is mud only, tayammum can be performed with it, if the water in it is less than fifty percent.
5. It is permissible to perform various salats with a single tayammum.
6. When a traveler thinks it highly probable through certain indications or after being informed by a Muslim who is adil (a Sunni Muslim who avoids grave sins and who does not habitually commit venial sins) and has reached the age of discretion and puberty that he will find water at a distance less than two kilometers, it is fard for him to look for water by walking or sending somebody for two hundred meters in each direction. If he does not have a strong expectation, he does not have to look for water.
7. If one who has an adil person with him does tayammum without asking about water and starts to perform salat and then is told by the adil person that there is water available, he must perform wudu' with water and repeat that salat.
8. It is permissible to perform salat with tayammum while water is more than two kilometers away.
9. A person who forgets that there is water among his provisions can perform salat with tayammum if he is not in a city or in a village.
10. If a person who thinks his water has run out sees after salat that he has water, he repeats the salat that he performed with tayammum.
11. One can do tayammum while there is water placed on the way or in the desert for drinking.
12. If a person who is junub (one who needs ghusl) does tayammum and then it breaks, he does not become junub again. If there is some water available, he does only wudu' with it.
13. If a junub person has a disease, such as a wound, smallpox, or scarlet fever, on more than half of his body, he does tayammum. If the majority of his body is sound and if it is possible to wash himself without wetting the diseased parts, he takes ghusl. If he cannot wash himself without wetting the diseased parts, then he does tayammum.
Things that break tayammum
When the excuse that allows one to do tayammum ends or when one finds water or when a thing that invalidates wudu' or ghusl occurs, one's tayammum is nullified, too.
When it is permissible to observe tayammum:
If there is no water available to perform wudu' or ghusl or if, though there is water available, it is not possible to use it, one can do tayammum with any sort of clean earthen thing, such as clean soil, sand, lime, and stone. According to the Hanafi Madhhab, tayammum can be done before the time for a fard salat arrives. However, according to the other three madhhabs, it is not permissible to do it before the time for a fard salat has come.
The chief conditions under which tayammum become permissible are as follows:
1. When one is unable to find clean water to perform wudu' or ghusl (it is always fard [obligatory] to search for water when one is in a city)
2. When one is afflicted with a disease that prevents one from using water or when there is the danger that one would die or fall sick because of cold if one used water,
3. When near water is an enemy, a wild or poisonous animal that will set upon,
4. When one cannot use water because one is imprisoned,
5. When one is threatened with death.
6. When a traveler does not have extra water other than that which he will drink,
7. When, though there is a well, it is not possible to extract water from it.
Things that should be born in mind in the performance of tayammum:
1. If a person who is not in a state of wudu' performs tayammum in order to teach it to his student, he cannot perform salat with it.
2. Making intention solely for tayammum does not make the tayammum adequate for performing salat with it. When doing tayammum, it is also necessary to intend to perform salat with it.
3. Several people can do tayammum on the same soil because soil and the like do not become musta'mal (used) when they are used for tayammum. The dust that falls from the hands and face after tayammum is considered musta’mal.
4. According to the madhhabs of Shafi'i and Hanbali, tayammum is done only with soil. According to the other two madhhabs, tayammum can be performed with any sort of clean earthen thing even if there is no dust on it. Things that can be melted by heat are not earthen. Therefore, tayammum cannot be done on a tree, grass, wood, iron, brass, a wall painted with oil-based paint, copper, gold, or glass. It can be made with sand. It cannot be made with pearls or corals. It can be made with marble washed with lime and plaster of Paris; cement; unglazed faience, unglazed porcelain, or unglazed earthenware pots; and mud. If there is mud only, tayammum can be performed with it, if the water in it is less than fifty percent.
5. It is permissible to perform various salats with a single tayammum.
6. When a traveler thinks it highly probable through certain indications or after being informed by a Muslim who is adil (a Sunni Muslim who avoids grave sins and who does not habitually commit venial sins) and has reached the age of discretion and puberty that he will find water at a distance less than two kilometers, it is fard for him to look for water by walking or sending somebody for two hundred meters in each direction. If he does not have a strong expectation, he does not have to look for water.
7. If one who has an adil person with him does tayammum without asking about water and starts to perform salat and then is told by the adil person that there is water available, he must perform wudu' with water and repeat that salat.
8. It is permissible to perform salat with tayammum while water is more than two kilometers away.
9. A person who forgets that there is water among his provisions can perform salat with tayammum if he is not in a city or in a village.
10. If a person who thinks his water has run out sees after salat that he has water, he repeats the salat that he performed with tayammum.
11. One can do tayammum while there is water placed on the way or in the desert for drinking.
12. If a person who is junub (one who needs ghusl) does tayammum and then it breaks, he does not become junub again. If there is some water available, he does only wudu' with it.
13. If a junub person has a disease, such as a wound, smallpox, or scarlet fever, on more than half of his body, he does tayammum. If the majority of his body is sound and if it is possible to wash himself without wetting the diseased parts, he takes ghusl. If he cannot wash himself without wetting the diseased parts, then he does tayammum.
Things that break tayammum
When the excuse that allows one to do tayammum ends or when one finds water or when a thing that invalidates wudu' or ghusl occurs, one's tayammum is nullified, too.